Isibindi yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomzimba wethu enceda ekwenzeni imizimba yethu ibe sempilweni. Ngokutsho kweSebe lezeMpilo laseIndiya kunye neNtlalontle yoSapho kunye neZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo (i-NIH), le mibutho ithi isibindi sesona sitho sangaphakathi sikhulu emzimbeni womntu. Ukufakelwa kwesibindi asikonyango nje kuphela, kodwa yinkqubo esindisa ubomi. Kwenzeka xa isibindi siyeka ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukuba iimeko zesibindi ziyanda ngenxa yokutyeba kakhulu, ukusela utywala, usulelo kunye neengxaki zemfuza, ngoko ke imfuno yokufakelwa kwesibindi iyanda.
I-UK yaziwa ngeenkqubo zayo zonyango eziphucukileyo, oogqirha abanamava, unyango lwasemva kwexesha, kunye namanqanaba aphezulu empumelelo kwi ukufakelwa kwamalungu nezinye izinto ezininzi ezinceda kwimpumelelo yokufakelwa kwesibindi. Ukuba ufuna ulwazi malunga nokufakelwa kwesibindi e-UK, esi sikhokelo siya kukunceda uqonde yonke into. Ezifana nenkqubo yokufakelwa, iindleko, amazinga empumelelo kunye nezinto ezichaphazela iindleko zonyango zizonke.
Yintoni uTshintsho lwesibindi?
Ukufakelwa kwesibindi lutyando apho isibindi esonakeleyo, esigulayo okanye esingasebenziyo sithathelwa indawo sisibindi esiphilileyo. Sinikelwa ngumntu ophilayo onikelayo kunye nomntu oswelekileyo. Isibindi sibaluleke kakhulu kwaye senza umsebenzi omkhulu ongenakwenziwa ngomnye umatshini; ukuba isibindi siyeka ukusebenza. Sinceda ekuqhekezeni ukutya, ukucoca igazi kunye nokunceda ekugayeni ukutya. Ke, ekugqibeleni, ukufumana isibindi esitsha kumntu onikelayo yeyona ndlela yokusindisa abantu abanesifo sesibindi. Olu nyango luqwalaselwa kuphela xa unyango lwezonyango lungasebenzi kakuhle.
Ugqirha ujonga ngononophelo isifo sesibindi, impilo yesigulana iyonke kunye neenzuzo zokufakelwa. Ukuba izigulana zijongene neemeko ezifana ne-cirrhosis, ukusilela kwesibindi okukhawulezileyo okanye i-hepatocellular carcinoma, ukufakelwa kwesibindi kunokuphucula ubomi bezigulana. Ukufakelwa kwesibindi kuba yimfuneko xa isibindi singakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yaso esisiseko nebalulekileyo. Njengokugaya ukutya, ukuxhasa imetabolism, kunye nokugcina izondlo kunye neevithamini.
Ngubani ofuna uTshintsho lwesibindi?
Iingxaki ezinxulumene nesibindi zixhaphakile kule mihla kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu onokufakelwa isibindi. Oogqirha bacebisa kuphela ukuba izigulane ezinesifo sesibindi esikwinqanaba lokugqibela zifakelwe isibindi. Kwakhona, ukuba isibindi sesigulana asisasebenzi kwaye ezinye iindlela zonyango ziyasilela. Ngaphambi kokufakelwa, ugqirha ujonga yonke into ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufakelwa kwesibindi kuphela kwendlela efanelekileyo. Ukuba unengxaki kwezi meko, kufuneka udibane nogqirha wakho ukuze ufumane ingcebiso engaphezulu.
Isifo sesibindi esinamafutha
Isifo sesibindi esingenalo utywala (i-NAFLD) kunye nesifo sesibindi esinotywala ziba zizizathu eziphambili zokungasebenzi kakuhle kwesibindi kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kwenzeka xa amafutha amaninzi eqokelelana esibindini. Asibonisi zimpawu ngelixa sikhula, kodwa ukuba asinyangwa, sinokubangela umonakalo ongunaphakade. Zininzi kakhulu Iimpawu zesibindi ezinamanqatha njengokungathandi ukutya, ukudinwa, isicaphucaphu, ukopha igazi nezinye izinto ezininzi.
Isifo seMhlaza
Izigulane ezikwinqanaba lokuqala umhlaza wesibindi ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-hepatocellular carcinoma, ingancedakala ngokufakelwa isityalo ukuba ezinye iindlela zonyango aziphumeleli. Inganyangwa ukuba ithumba lifunyenwe kwangethuba kwaye lihlangabezana neemfuno ezithile. Linokuvela ngqo kwiiseli zesibindi okanye linokusasazeka lisuka kwelinye ilungu. Ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo zoku kukulahlekelwa ngumdla wokutya, ukwehla kobunzima, iintlungu esiswini esingaphezulu ngasekunene kunye nolusu olutyheli.
Ukungaphumeleli kwesibindi
Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesibindi yimeko engaqhelekanga kodwa esongela ubomi apho isibindi siphulukana ngokukhawuleza namandla aso okusebenza, ngamanye amaxesha kumntu ongazange abe nembali yezifo zesibindi ngaphambili. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukufakelwa utyando ngokukhawuleza kunokuba lolona nyango lusebenzayo. Izizathu ziquka i-hepatitis ebangelwa yintsholongwane, ukugqithisa amayeza afana ne-paracetamol, eyi-acetaminophen, ukwenzakala kwesibindi okubangelwa ngamayeza, kunye nezinye iimeko zokuzikhusela komzimba. Iimpawu ezilumkisayo zifuna ingqalelo kagqirha ngokukhawuleza, kubandakanya i-jaundice, ukudumba kwesisu esingaphezulu, ukudideka, kunye nokudinwa kakhulu.
Iingxaki zeMetabolic kunye neGenetic
Iimeko zemetabolism zichaphazela amandla esibindi okusebenza njenge-alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Oku kukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwesibindi kwaye emva koko kufuna ukufakelwa. Ezi ziimeko ezizuzwe njengelifa ezinokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwesibindi. Ezi zibangelwa kukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, okunokuchaphazela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwesibindi. Ezinye zeentlobo zazo yi-hemochromatosis, izifo ze-wilson kunye ne-cystic fibrosis.
Iintlobo zotyando lokufakelwa kwesibindi
Kukho iintlobo ezine zotyando lokufakelwa isibindi ezinikezelwa kwizigulana. Kutyando lokufakelwa isibindi, ugqirha ucebisa izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka zilandelwe ngabantu abafumana isibindi. Njengotyando lokufakelwa isibindi, isibindi kufuneka silingane nodidi lwegazi lomntu ofumana isibindi, uhlobo lwezicubu kunye nobukhulu bazo. Xa iziko lokufakelwa libiza izigulana, ziyacetyiswa ukuba zingathambisi nantoni na ngomlomo, nokuba yiglasi yamanzi. Emva koko zilungele utyando ngokukhawuleza. Ngoku siza kwazi iintlobo zotyando lokufakelwa isibindi.
UFakelo lwesibindi soMnikeli ongasekhoyo
Elinye igama lomnikeli oswelekileyo liyi-orthotopic transplant kwaye lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lokufakelwa. Kule meko abanye abantu bagcina amagama abo kuluhlu lokulinda lomnikeli. Kwaye kwangoko xa umnikeli efumaneka, kuqhagamshelwana nomguli olandelayo kuluhlu lokulinda. Isibindi sivela kumnikeli olungiselela ukunikela ngamalungu omzimba wakhe ngaphambi kokuba afe. Kodwa loo mntu akufuneki abe nesifo okanye umhlaza onokudluliselwa kwizigulana ezifumene amalungu omzimba.
Ngexesha lotyando, isibindi somntu ofumana uncedo siyasuswa ngokupheleleyo size sithatyathelwe indawo sisibindi esiphilileyo nesipheleleyo esivela kumntu oswelekelweyo. Kolu tyando, ugqirha wenza isilonda esincinci esiswini esingaphezulu aze asuse isibindi esinesifo okanye esonakeleyo ngononophelo. Emva koko ugqirha wabeka isibindi somntu onikelayo kwindawo yaso waza wadibanisa yonke imithambo yegazi kunye nemibhobho yenyongo. Ekugqibeleni, isilonda siya kuvalwa ngezititshi ezinyibilikisiweyo okanye izitapile zotyando. Emva kotyando, umbhobho wokukhupha amanzi uya kuqhotyoshelwa ukuze kukhutshwe ulwelo olongezelelweyo kangangeentsuku ezithile. Ekugqibeleni, isigulana siya kutshintshela kwi-ICU ukuze sijongwe ukuze sibone ixesha laso lokuchacha esibhedlele.
Kukho izigulana ezininzi ekufuneka zihlale iiveki ezimbalwa esibhedlele emva kotyando ukuze ziphile kakuhle. Oogqirha banika amayeza okunciphisa amasosha omzimba ukuthintela ukuba isibindi esitsha singawamkeli. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uthathe la mayeza kufuneka udibane nogqirha wakho. Kufuneka uzinyamekele ngokufanelekileyo ukuze uphile ubomi obude nobunempilo. I-National Organ Retrieval Service esebenza phantsi kwe-NHS Blood and Transplant, inyamekela ngokufanelekileyo zonke ii-organ transfers zabafileyo e-UK.
UTshintsho lwesibindi soMnikeli ophilayo
Ukufakelwa kwe-donor ephilayo kwenziwa ngumntu ovumayo ukunikela ngesitho. Kunikezelwa sisalamane okanye umhlobo osondeleyo. Ekuqaleni umniki-donor wenza utyando apho ugqirha esusa icala lasekhohlo okanye lasekunene le-lobe yesibindi. Ukufakelwa kwe-lobe yasekunene kuyacetyiswa kubantu abadala kwaye i-lobe yasekhohlo yeyabantwana, ngoko ke bayayikhupha ngokwendlela umntu acinga ngayo. Kwenzeka ngenxa yomahluko wobukhulu; i-lobe yasekunene inkulu kwaye ifanelekile kubantu abadala. Ngelixa i-lobe yasekhohlo incinci kwaye ifanelekile kubantwana.
Emva koko isibindi esinesifo siyasuswa kumntu ofumana i-invoyisi. Kwaye inxalenye yesibindi ethathwe kumntu onikelayo ibekwa kwaye idityaniswe nemithambo yegazi kunye ne-bile ducts. Emva kokufakelwa i-lobe iyazihlaziya ngokwayo. Basusa inxalenye encinci yesibindi kumntu onikelayo kwaye emva koko isibindi sikhula kwakhona. Kwaye i-lobe entsha yomntu ofumana i-invoyisi ikhula iye kwi-85% yobukhulu besibindi sokuqala kwaye kuya kuthatha iiveki ukuya kwiinyanga.
Ukufakelwa kwesibindi somnikeli ophilayo kuneengenelo ezininzi ezifana nokunciphisa ixesha lokulinda. Izigulane akufuneki zixhomekeke kwisitho somnikeli oswelekileyo. Lelona khetho lingcono kwizigulane ezijongene nemeko enzima kwaye ezingasakwaziyo ukusinda. Ngokwezifundo, iziphumo zabamkeli bomnikeli ophilayo zilungile kwaye zingcono xa zithelekiswa nokufakelwa komnikeli oswelekileyo. Umnikeli kunye nabamkeli bobabini badinga utyando olwahlukileyo kwaye ugqirha ulandela imithetho engqongqo kunye novavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umnikeli uhlala ekhuselekile kwaye esempilweni kulo lonke inkqubo. Ubudala bomnikeli kufuneka bube phakathi kweminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-55 ubudala kwaye akukho sifo sesibindi. Udidi lwegazi kufuneka lufane nomnikeli.
Ukwahlula uTshintsho lwesibindi
Kubandakanya ukufakelwa kwesibindi kumntu osandul’ ukusweleka. Isibindi singanikwa izigulana ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwaye singenziwa kuphela xa omnye emdala nomnye engumntwana. Isibindi, esinikelayo, sahlulwe saba ngamacandelo amabini: elinye liyinxalenye elungileyo, elikhulu, elifanele umntu omdala alifumane. Elinye licandelo lasekhohlo, elincinci elifanele umntwana alifumane. Njengakwi-substitution yesibindi esiphilayo, inxalenye yesibindi inokukhula kwakhona kwaye ibe nobukhulu obuqhelekileyo.
Kukho iingenelo ezimbini zale nkqubo njengokuba inani leenkqubo zokufakelwa linyukile kwaye amalungu amaninzi anikelweyo aphumelela. Kodwa kukho imingeni ekufuneka ujongane nayo njengokuba utyando lunzima kakhulu kwaye lunzima ngokwetekhnoloji. Kwaye abo bafumana olu tyando banokujongana nomngcipheko kunye neengxaki xa kuthelekiswa nokufakelwa isibindi sonke. Kodwa ke, ekugqibeleni, le nkqubo inento entle kuba inokubonelela isibindi kwizigulana ezibini ngaxeshanye. Nokuba kukho ukunqongophala kwamalungu okufakelwa.
UTshintsho lwesibindi oluNcedisayo
Ukufakelwa kwesibindi esincedisayo yinkqubo engaqhelekanga nekhethekileyo apho isibindi somguli singasuswanga ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, inxalenye yesibindi esinikelwayo yongezwa ecaleni kwesitho sasekhaya ukuze kubonelelwe ngenkxaso yexeshana, enika isibindi somguli ixesha lokuchacha nokuqalisa imisebenzi yaso.
Le ndlela iluncedo kakhulu kwiimeko apho ukusilela kwesibindi kunokuguqulwa, okanye apho imeko engaphantsi inokungenelwa ngenye imini kunyango oluvelayo olufana nonyango lwezakhi zofuzo. Nangona kunjalo, ayifanelekanga kwiimeko ezifana nesifo sikaWilson, i-oxalosis eyintloko, okanye i-tyrosinaemia, njengoko isibindi sendalo kwezi meko sinokuqhubeka sibangela ingozi okanye sibe nomhlaza. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuba isibindi sesigulana siyaphila, ngoko i-graft yomxhasi inokuncipha kancinci kancinci.
Ixabisa malini i-Blinder Transplant e-UK?
Ixabiso lokufakelwa isibindi e-UK lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ezifana nohlobo lomntu onikela ngesibindi, ukuhlala esibhedlele, indawo kunye neengxaki zotyando. Ixabiso lilonke ngokwe-USD, limalunga ne-80,000 ukuya kwi-150,000. Kwaye ngokwe-GBP limalunga ne-65,000 ukuya kwi-120,000.
Uhlalutyo lweendleko zeendleko zokufakelwa kwesibindi e-United Kingdom
Nantsi indlela echazwe ngayo ixabiso lokufakelwa kwesibindi e-UK:
| Isigaba sokuTshintshela | Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo nge-USD | Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo nge-GBP |
| UVavanyo lwangaphambi koTshintsho | 10,000 ukuya 14,000 | 8,000 ukuya 10,000 |
| Ukulingana kwe-organ | 22,000 ukuya 27,000 | 16,000 ukuya 20,000 |
| Utyando lokufakelwa izityalo kunye ne-ICU | 45,000 ukuya 66,000 | 32,000 ukuya 50,000 |
| Igumbi leSibhedlele kunye noMongikazi | 16,000 ukuya 26,000 | 12,000 ukuya 20,000 |
| Amayeza Emva Kokufakelwa Isityalo | 10,000 ukuya 15,000 | 4,000 ukuya 10,000 |
| Ukulandelela kunye nokuxilonga | 2,000 ukuya 6,000 | 1,000 ukuya 4,000 |
Phawula: Ixabiso elikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla liqikelelo nje kuphela kwaye linokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwisibhedlele kunye nemeko yesigulana. Abemi base-UK abafanelekileyo kunyango lwe-NHS banokufakelwa isibindi simahla ngeNkonzo yezeMpilo yeSizwe.
Izinto Ezichaphazela Iindleko Zokufakelwa Kwesibindi e-UK
Ixabiso lokufakelwa kwesibindi e-UK lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezifana nezi:
- Uhlobo loMnikeli: Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zabanikeli: abanikeli abaswelekileyo kunye nabanikeli abaphilayo. Ixabiso lixhomekeke ekuthathweni, ekugcinweni, nasekuthuthweni kwesibindi ukuya esibhedlele. Kwi-transplantation yomnikeli ophilayo, umntu ophilileyo unikela ngenxalenye yesibindi sakhe kwaye ixabiso liphezulu kuba umnikeli kunye nesigulana bafuna utyando kunye nonyango lwasesibhedlele.
- Isibhedlele: Uninzi lwabantu e-UK bahlala esibhedlele malunga neentsuku ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-15 emva kokufakelwa isibindi. Ukuba isigulana sijongene nayo nayiphi na ingxaki emva kotyando, kunokufuneka sihlale ixesha elide kwi-ICU. Izibhedlele zibonelela ngezibonelelo ezininzi ezinokuthi zonyuse iindleko kwaye kuxhomekeke nakwindawo esikuyo isibhedlele.
- Impilo yeSigulana iyonke: Ukuba impilo yesigulane ayonelanga ngaphambi kokufakelwa, kufuneka sinyamekelwe ngakumbi kwaye sihlale kwi-ICU ngaphambi kotyando. Ukuba isigulana sijongene nesifo sesibindi esifana ne-hepatitis, umhlaza wesibindi, okanye isifo sesibindi esinxulumene namafutha, ngoko sinokufuna unyango kunye namayeza ahlukeneyo. Amanqaku eModeli yeSifo seSibilini seSigaba sokugqibela abonisa ukuba isifo sesibindi sibi kangakanani.
- Amayeza kunye nokufakelwa kwesibindi sesibini: Emva kotyando, izigulana ziza kuthatha amayeza ubomi bazo bonke ukuze imizimba yazo ingalahli isibindi esitsha. Ngoko ke uhlobo lwamayeza kunye nobungakanani buchaphazela ixabiso ixesha elide. Ngaso nasiphi na isizathu, ngamanye amaxesha isibindi esitsha siyeka ukusebenza kakuhle okanye isifo sinokubuya kwakhona. Ngoko ke kwimeko enjalo, kunokufuneka olunye utyando lwesibindi, kwaye kuya kunyusa iindleko zonyango zizonke.
Ukuthelekiswa kweendleko zokufakelwa kwesibindi kwamanye amazwe
Nazi ezinye ze amazwe agqwesileyo okufakelwa kwesibindi ngokwentelekiso yeendleko:
- Indiya: Ixabiso lokufakelwa isibindi eIndiya limalunga ne-INR ezili-18 lakh ukuya kwi-45 lakh. Ngokwe-USD, limalunga ne-22,000 ukuya kwi-45,000.
- Mzantsi Afrika: The iindleko zokufakelwa kwesibindi eMzantsi Afrika imalunga ne-ZAR ezingama-250,000 ukuya kuma-500,000. Kwaye ngokutsho kwe-USD imalunga ne-10,000 ukuya kuma-30,000.
- Gana: The ixabiso lokufakelwa kwesibindi eGhana imalunga ne-GHS 500,000 ukuya kwi-650,000. Kwaye ngokutsho kwe-USD imalunga ne-30,000 ukuya kwi-65,000.
- Nayijeriya: Iindleko ze ukufakelwa kwesibindi eNigeria imalunga ne-NGN 50,000,000 ukuya kwi-80,000,000. Kwaye ngokutsho kwe-USD imalunga ne-35,000 ukuya kwi-65,000.
- Yuthophiya: Ixabiso lokufakelwa kwesibindi e-Ethiopia limalunga ne-ETB eyi-4,000,000 ukuya kwi-7,000,000. Kwaye ngokutsho kwe-USD limalunga ne-35,000 ukuya kwi-50,000.
Phawula: Ezi ndleko zingumbono nje. Ngoko ke, kuya kufuneka ubuze ugqirha wakho okanye ugqirha malunga neendleko zizonke.
Izinga lempumelelo yokufakelwa kwesibindi e-UK
Izinga lokusinda okanye izinga lempumelelo lokufakelwa isibindi e-UK liphezulu. Ngokwengxelo yedatha esemthethweni ye-NHS, ama-90% ezigulana zabantu abadala aphila unyaka omnye emva kotyando. Emva koko, emva kweminyaka emi-5 yokufakelwa, izinga lempumelelo lokufakelwa isibindi e-UK liyi-80%. Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka eli-10 yokufakelwa kukho izinga lempumelelo eliyi-60 ukuya kwi-70%. I-UK inezinga eliphezulu lempumelelo lokufakelwa isibindi ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bayo obuphambili.
Isiphelo
Ekugqibeleni, ukufakelwa kwesibindi lunyango olusindisa ubomi kubo bonke abaguli abanesifo sesibindi esinzima xa ezinye iindlela zonyango zingasasebenzi. I-UK yaziwa ngenkqubo yayo yezempilo yanamhlanje, oogqirha abanamava, kunye nenkqubo yokufakelwa kwamalungu omzimba elawulwayo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zotyando lokufakelwa oluphilayo olwenziwa ngokwemeko yesigulana kunye nokufumaneka komxhasi. Kwizigulana ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwe-NHS, ukufakelwa kwesibindi kudla ngokunikezelwa simahla. Ke ngoko, unyango lwabucala lwezigulana zamazwe ngamazwe lunokuba phezulu kakhulu kwaye lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisibhedlele kunye nobunzima benkqubo. Izigulana kufuneka ziqinisekise rhoqo iindleko zizonke ngokuthe ngqo kwiziko lonyango.
hlobo: Iinkqubo zokufakelwa isibindi, ukufaneleka, iindleko, kunye nokuchacha e-UK zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisibhedlele, imeko yesigulana, kunye neemfuno zonyango. Nxibelelana nengcali yokufakelwa isibindi efanelekileyo ukuze ufumane iingcebiso zonyango ezilungiselelwe wena.
