Isibindi siyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomzimba wethu esiza ekwenzeni imizimba yethu ibe nempilo enhle. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezempilo Nenhlalakahle Yomndeni waseNdiya kanye ne-National Institutes of Health (NIH), lezi zinhlangano zithi isibindi siyisitho sangaphakathi esikhulu kunazo zonke emzimbeni womuntu. Ukufakelwa kwesibindi akuyona nje inqubo yezokwelapha, kodwa kuyindlela esindisa impilo. Kwenzeka lapho isibindi siyeka ukusebenza kahle. Uma izimo zesibindi zanda ngenxa yokukhuluphala, ukuphuza utshwala, izifo kanye nezinkinga zofuzo, khona-ke isidingo sokufakelwa kwesibindi sikhulile.
I-UK yaziwa ngezinqubo zayo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezithuthukisiwe, odokotela abahlinzayo abanolwazi, ukunakekelwa kwangemva kokuhlinzwa, amazinga aphezulu empumelelo ekufakweni kwezitho zomzimba kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezisiza empumelelweni yokufakelwa kwesibindi. Uma ufuna ulwazi mayelana nokufakelwa kwesibindi e-UK, lo mhlahlandlela uzokusiza ukuthi uqonde konke. Njengenqubo yokufakelwa, izindleko, amazinga empumelelo kanye nezici ezithonya izindleko zokwelashwa zizonke.
Kuyini Ukufakelwa Kwesibindi?
Ukufakelwa kwesibindi kuyindlela yokuhlinzwa lapho isibindi esonakele, esigulayo noma esingasebenzi kahle sithathelwa indawo nesibindi esinempilo. Sinikelwa ngumnikeli ophilayo kanye nomnikeli oshonile. Isibindi sibaluleke kakhulu futhi senza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu okungekho omunye umshini ongakwenza; uma isibindi siyeka ukusebenza. Siyasiza ekugayeni ukudla, ukuhlanza igazi nokusiza ekugayeni ukudla. Ngakho-ke, ekugcineni, ukuthola isibindi esisha kumnikeli kuyindlela kuphela yokusindisa abantu abanesifo sesibindi. Lokhu kwelashwa kucatshangelwa kuphela uma ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kungasebenzi kahle.
Udokotela ubheka ngokucophelela isifo sesibindi, impilo yesiguli iyonke kanye nezinzuzo zokufakelwa. Uma iziguli zibhekene nezimo ezifana ne-cirrhosis, ukwehluleka kwesibindi okukhulu noma i-hepatocellular carcinoma khona-ke ukufakelwa kwesibindi kungathuthukisa impilo yeziguli. Ukufakelwa kuba yinto edingekayo lapho isibindi singakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo nebalulekile. Njengokugaya ukudla, ukusekela i-metabolism, kanye nokugcina izakhamzimba namavithamini.
Ubani Odinga Ukufakelwa Isibindi?
Izinkinga ezihlobene nesibindi zivame kakhulu kulezi zinsuku kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu ongathola ukufakelwa isibindi. Odokotela basikisela ukufakelwa isibindi kuphela kulabo abahlushwa isifo sesibindi sesigaba sokugcina. Futhi, uma isibindi sesiguli singasasebenzi futhi ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingaphumeleli. Ngaphambi kokufakelwa, udokotela uhlola konke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakelwa isibindi kuyindlela kuphela. Uma ubhekene nanoma yiziphi zalezi zimo, kufanele uthintane nodokotela wakho ukuze uthole iseluleko esengeziwe.
Isifo Sesibindi Esinamafutha
Isifo sesibindi esinamafutha angenalo utshwala (i-NAFLD) kanye nesifo sesibindi esinotshwala sesiba yimbangela enkulu yokwehluleka kwesibindi emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amafutha amaningi eqoqana esibindini. Asibonisi zimpawu ngenkathi sikhula, kodwa uma singelashwa, singadala umonakalo ohlala njalo. Kunezimpawu eziningi zesibindi esinamafutha njengokuntuleka kwesifiso sokudla, ukukhathala, isicanucanu, ukopha nokunye okuningi.
I-Cancer Cancer
Iziguli ezinomdlavuza wesibindi osesigabeni sokuqala owaziwa nangokuthi i-hepatocellular carcinoma, zingase zizuze ekufakweni kwezicubu uma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingasebenzi. Zingelashwa uma isimila sitholakala kusenesikhathi futhi sihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile. Singavela ngqo emaseli esibindi noma singasakazeka sisuka kwesinye isitho. Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zalokhu ukuphelelwa yisifiso sokudla, ukwehla kwesisindo, ubuhlungu esiswini esingaphezulu kwesokudla kanye nesikhumba esiphuzi.
Ukwehluleka Okuqinile Kwesibindi
Ukwehluleka kwesibindi okukhulu kuyisimo esingavamile kakhulu kodwa esisongela ukuphila lapho isibindi silahlekelwa khona amandla aso okusebenza ngokushesha, ngezinye izikhathi kumuntu ongakaze abe nomlando wezifo zesibindi ngaphambili. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukufakelwa ngokushesha kungaba ukuphela kokwelashwa okusebenzayo. Izimbangela zifaka phakathi i-hepatitis ebangelwa yigciwane, ukweqisa imithi efana ne-paracetamol, okuyi-acetaminophen, ukulimala kwesibindi okubangelwa izidakamizwa, kanye nezinye izimo zokuzivikela komzimba. Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zidinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okusheshayo, okuhlanganisa i-jaundice, ukuvuvukala kwesisu esingaphezulu, ukudideka, kanye nokukhathala okukhulu.
Izinkinga Zomzimba Nezofuzo
Izimo ze-metabolic zithinta ikhono lesibindi lokucubungula njengokuntuleka kwe-alpha 1 antitrypsin. Lokhu kuholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwesibindi bese kudinga ukufakelwa. Lezi yizimo ezizuzwe njengefa ezingaholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwesibindi. Lezi zibangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo, okungathinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwesibindi. Ezinye zezinhlobo zaso yi-hemochromatosis, izifo ze-wilson kanye ne-cystic fibrosis.
Izinhlobo Zokuhlinzwa Kokufakelwa Kwesibindi
Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuhlinzwa kokufakelwa isibindi ezinikezwa iziguli. Ngokuhlinzwa kokufakelwa isibindi, udokotela uphakamisa izinto ezibalulekile okufanele abamukeli bazilandele. Njengokuhlinzwa kokufakelwa isibindi, isibindi kufanele sihambisane neqembu legazi lomuntu otholayo, uhlobo lwezicubu kanye nosayizi. Lapho isikhungo sokufakelwa sibiza iziguli, zelulekwa ukuthi zingaphuzi lutho ngomlomo, ngisho nengilazi yamanzi. Ngemva kwalokho zisuke sezilungele ukuhlinzwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Manje sizozazi izinhlobo zokuhlinzwa kokufakelwa isibindi.
Ufakelwa Isibindi Somnikeli Oshonile
Elinye igama lomnikeli oshonile ukufakelwa kwamathambo futhi kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokufakelwa. Kulokhu abanye abantu bagcina amagama abo ohlwini lokulinda lomnikeli. Futhi ngokushesha nje lapho umnikeli etholakala, isiguli esilandelayo ohlwini lokulinda siyathintwa. Isibindi sivela kumnikeli olungiselela ukunikela ngesitho sakhe ngaphambi kokuba afe. Kodwa lowo muntu akufanele abe nesifo noma umdlavuza ongadluliselwa ezigulini ezithola isitho.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, isibindi somuntu otholayo sisuswa ngokuphelele bese sithathelwa indawo isibindi esiphilile, esiphelele esivela kumuntu oshonile onikelayo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, udokotela ohlinzayo usika kancane esiswini esingaphezulu bese esusa isibindi esigulayo noma esonakele ngokucophelela. Udokotela ohlinzayo wabe esebeka isibindi somuntu onikelayo endaweni yaso wabe esexhuma yonke imithambo yegazi kanye nemisele yenyongo. Ekugcineni, ukusika kuzovalwa ngezitishi ezincibilikisiwe noma izinti zokuhlinzwa. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa, ipayipi lokukhipha amanzi lizoxhunywa ukuze kukhishwe uketshezi olwengeziwe izinsuku ezithile. Ekugcineni, isiguli sizothuthela e-ICU ukuze siqashwe ukuze sibone isigaba saso sokululama esibhedlela.
Kuneziguli eziningi kakhulu ezidinga ukuhlala amasonto athile esibhedlela ngemva kokuhlinzwa ukuze zilulame kahle. Odokotela banikeza imithi yokucindezela amasosha omzimba ukuvimbela isibindi esisha ukuba singayilahli. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthatha le mithi kufanele uthintane nodokotela wakho. Kufanele uzinakekele kahle ukuze uphile impilo ende nenempilo. I-National Organ Retrieval Service esebenza ngaphansi kwe-NHS Blood and Transplant, inakekela kahle zonke izitho ezidluliselwe ezifile e-UK.
Ukufakelwa Kwesibindi Kwe-Donor Ophilayo
Ukufakelwa komnikeli ophilayo kwenziwa ngumuntu ovumayo ukunikela ngesitho. Kunikezwa yisihlobo esiseduze noma umngane. Ekuqaleni umnikeli uba nokuhlinzwa lapho udokotela ohlinzayo esusa khona uhlangothi lwesobunxele noma lwesokudla lwe-lobe yesibindi. Ukufakelwa kwe-lobe yesokudla kunconywa kubantu abadala kanti i-lobe yesokudla ingeyabantwana, ngakho bayayikhipha ngokusho komnikeli. Kwenzeka ngenxa yomehluko wosayizi; i-lobe yesokudla inkulu futhi ifanele abantu abadala. Ngenkathi i-lobe yesokudla incane futhi ifanele izingane.
Ngemva kwalokho isibindi esinesifo siyasuswa kumuntu ositholayo. Bese ingxenye yesibindi ethathwe kumuntu ositholayo ibekwa futhi ixhunywe nemithambo yegazi kanye nemisele yenyongo. Ngemva kokufakelwa i-lobe iyazivuselela yodwa. Basusa ingxenye encane yesibindi kumuntu ositholayo bese kuthi ngemva kwalokho isibindi siphinde sikhule. Futhi i-lobe entsha yomuntu ositholayo ikhula ibe ngu-85% wobukhulu besibindi sokuqala futhi kuzothatha amasonto kuya ezinyangeni.
Ukufakelwa kwesibindi somnikeli ophilayo kunezinzuzo eziningi njengokunciphisa isikhathi sokulinda. Iziguli akudingeki zithembele esithweni somnikeli oshonile. Kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yeziguli ezibhekene nesimo esibucayi futhi ezingasakwazi ukusinda. Ngokusho kwezifundo, imiphumela yabamukeli bomnikeli abaphilayo mihle futhi ingcono uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakelwa komnikeli oshonile. Umnikeli kanye nabamukeli bobabili badinga ukuhlinzwa okuhlukile futhi udokotela ulandela imithetho eqinile kanye nokuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umnikeli uhlala ephephile futhi enempilo kulo lonke inqubo. Ubudala bomnikeli kufanele bube phakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-55 ubudala ngaphandle kwesifo sesibindi. Iqembu legazi kufanele lifane nomemukeli.
Hlukanisa Ukufakelwa Kwesibindi
Kuhilela ukufakelwa kwesibindi kumuntu osanda kushona. Isibindi singanikwa iziguli ezimbili ezahlukene futhi singanikwa kuphela uma esinye singumuntu omdala kanti esinye singumntwana. Isibindi, esinikelayo, sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: esinye siyingxenye efanele, esikhulu, esingomuntu omdala okufanele asithole. Esinye siyingxenye yesobunxele, esincane esingomntwana okufanele asithole. Njengasekufakweni kwesibindi esiphilayo, ingxenye yesibindi ingakhula futhi bese iba ngobukhulu obujwayelekile.
Kunezinzuzo ezimbili zale nqubo njengokuthi inani lezinqubo zokufakelwa liye landa futhi izitho eziningi ezinikelwe ngangokunokwenzeka ziyaphumelela. Kodwa kunezinselele ezithile okufanele ubhekane nazo njengokuthi ukuhlinzwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kunzima ngokobuchwepheshe. Futhi abamukeli bangabhekana nengozi kanye nezinkinga uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakelwa isibindi sonke. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ekugcineni, le nqubo inento enhle ngoba inganikeza isibindi ezigulini ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngisho nalapho kunokuntuleka kwezitho zokufakelwa.
Ukufakelwa Kwesibindi Esisizayo
Ukufakelwa kwesibindi esisizayo kuyinqubo engavamile kakhulu futhi ekhethekile lapho isibindi sesiguli singasuswa ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni salokho, ingxenye yesibindi esinikelwayo yengezwa eceleni kwesitho somuntu ukuze inikeze ukwesekwa kwesikhashana, okunikeza isibindi sesiguli isikhathi sokululama nokuqalisa imisebenzi yaso.
Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ezimweni lapho ukwehluleka kwesibindi kungase kuguqulwe khona, noma lapho isimo esiyisisekelo singase ngelinye ilanga sizuze ekwelashweni okusha njengokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Kodwa-ke, akufaneleki ezimweni ezifana nesifo sikaWilson, i-oxalosis eyinhloko, noma i-tyrosinaemia, njengoba isibindi sendabuko kulezi zimo singase siqhubeke nokubangela ukulimala noma sibe nomdlavuza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uma isibindi sesiguli silulama, khona-ke i-substance yomnikeli ingase inciphe kancane kancane.
Kubiza Malini Ukufakelwa Isibindi e-UK?
Izindleko zokufakelwa isibindi e-UK zincike ezintweni eziningi, njengohlobo lomnikeli wesibindi, ukuhlala esibhedlela, indawo kanye nezinkinga zokuhlinzwa. Izindleko zizonke ziphakathi kuka-USD, cishe zingu-80,000 kuya ku-150,000. Futhi ngokusho kwe-GBP cishe zingu-65,000 kuya ku-120,000.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko Zokufakelwa Kwesibindi e-United Kingdom
Nansi incazelo yezindleko zokufakelwa isibindi e-UK:
| Isigaba Sokufakelwa | Izindleko ezilinganiselwa ku-USD | Izindleko ezilinganiselwa ku-GBP |
| Ukuhlola Ngaphambi Kokufakelwa | 10,000 ukuze 14,000 | 8,000 ukuze 10,000 |
| Ukufaniswa Kwe-Organ | 22,000 ukuze 27,000 | 16,000 ukuze 20,000 |
| Ukuhlinzwa Kokufakelwa Izitshalo kanye ne-ICU | 45,000 ukuze 66,000 | 32,000 ukuze 50,000 |
| Igumbi Lesibhedlela kanye Nobuhlengikazi | 16,000 ukuze 26,000 | 12,000 ukuze 20,000 |
| Imithi Yokwelapha Ngemva Kokufakelwa | 10,000 ukuze 15,000 | 4,000 ukuze 10,000 |
| Ukulandelela kanye Nokuxilonga | 2,000 ukuze 6,000 | 1,000 ukuze 4,000 |
Qaphela: Izindleko ezibalwe ngenhla ziwukulinganisela kuphela futhi zingashintsha kuye ngesibhedlela kanye nesimo sesiguli. Izakhamuzi zase-UK ezifanelekela ukwelashwa kwe-NHS zingathola ukufakelwa kwesibindi mahhala nge-National Health Service.
Izici Ezithinta Izindleko Zokufakelwa Kwesibindi e-UK
Izindleko zokufakelwa isibindi e-UK zincike ezintweni eziningi ezifana nalezi:
- Uhlobo Lomnikeli: Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zabanikeli: abanikeli abashonile kanye nabanikeli abaphilayo. Izindleko zincike ekuthathweni, ekugcinweni, nasekuthuthweni kwesibindi esibhedlela. Ekufakweni komnikeli ophilayo, umuntu ophilile unikela ngengxenye yesibindi sakhe futhi izindleko ziphakeme ngoba umnikeli kanye nesiguli badinga ukuhlinzwa nokunakekelwa esibhedlela.
- Isibhedlela: Iningi labantu e-UK lihlala esibhedlela cishe izinsuku eziyi-6 kuya kweziyi-15 ngemuva kokufakelwa isibindi. Uma isiguli sibhekene nanoma yiziphi izinkinga ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, kungase kudingeke sihlale isikhathi eside e-ICU. Izibhedlela zinikeza izinsiza eziningi ezingase zikhulise izindleko futhi kuncike endaweni yesibhedlela.
- Impilo Yesiguli Yonke: Uma impilo yesiguli ingakaneli ngaphambi kokufakelwa, sidinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe futhi sihlale e-ICU ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa. Uma isiguli sibhekene nesifo sesibindi esifana ne-hepatitis, umdlavuza wesibindi, noma isifo sesibindi esihlobene namafutha, khona-ke singadinga ukwelashwa okuhlukile kanye nemithi. Isilinganiso seModeli yeSifo Sesibindi Sokuphela Kwesigaba sibonisa ukuthi isifo sesibindi sibi kangakanani.
- Imithi kanye nokufakelwa kwesibindi sesibili: Ngemva kokuhlinzwa, iziguli zizothatha imithi impilo yazo yonke ukuze imizimba yazo ingalahli isibindi esisha. Ngakho-ke uhlobo lwemithi kanye nenani kuthinta izindleko zesikhathi eside. Nganoma yisiphi isizathu, ngezinye izikhathi isibindi esisha siyayeka ukusebenza kahle noma isifo singase sibuye futhi. Ngakho-ke kuleso simo, kungase kudingeke ukufakelwa esinye isibindi, futhi kuzokhuphula izindleko zokwelashwa eziphelele.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezindleko Zokufakelwa Kwesibindi Kwamanye Amazwe
Nazi ezinye zezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokufakelwa isibindi ngokwesilinganiso sezindleko:
- I-India: Izindleko zokufakelwa isibindi eNdiya zingama-INR angu-18 lakh kuya ku-45 lakh. Ngokusho kwe-USD, cishe zingu-22,000 kuya ku-45,000.
- Iningizimu Afrika: The izindleko zokufakelwa isibindi eNingizimu Afrika cishe i-ZAR 250,000 kuya ku-500,000. Futhi ngokusho kwe-USD cishe i-10,000 kuya ku-30,000.
- EGhana: The izindleko zokufakelwa isibindi eGhana cishe i-GHS engu-500,000 kuya ku-650,000. Futhi ngokusho kwe-USD cishe ingama-30,000 kuya ku-65,000.
- I-Nigeria: Izindleko ze- ukufakelwa kwesibindi eNigeria cishe i-NGN engu-50,000,000 kuya ku-80,000,000. Futhi ngokusho kwe-USD cishe ingama-35,000 kuya ku-65,000.
- I-Ethiopia: Izindleko zokufakelwa isibindi e-Ethiopia zingama-ETB angu-4,000,000 kuya ku-7,000,000. Futhi ngokusho kwe-USD cishe zingama-35,000 kuya ku-50,000.
Qaphela: Lezi zindleko ziwumqondo nje. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ubuze udokotela wakho ohlinzayo noma udokotela mayelana nezindleko eziphelele.
Izinga Lempumelelo Lokufakelwa Kwesibindi e-UK
Izinga lokusinda noma izinga lokuphumelela kokufakelwa isibindi e-UK liphakeme. Ngokusho kombiko wedatha osemthethweni we-NHS, ukuthi ama-90% eziguli ezindala ziphila unyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5 yokufakelwa, izinga lokuphumelela kokufakelwa isibindi e-UK lingu-80%. Ekugcineni, ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokufakelwa, kukhona izinga lokuphumelela eliphakathi kuka-60 kuya ku-70%. I-UK inezinga eliphezulu lokuphumelela kokufakelwa isibindi ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bayo obuthuthukisiwe.
Isiphetho
Ekugcineni, ukufakelwa kwesibindi kuyindlela yokwelapha esindisa impilo yabo bonke abaguli abanesifo sesibindi esibi lapho ezinye izinketho zezokwelapha zingasasebenzi. I-UK yaziwa ngohlelo lwayo lwesimanje lokunakekelwa kwempilo, odokotela abahlinzayo abanolwazi, kanye nenqubo yokufakelwa kwezitho ezilawulwayo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlinzwa kokufakelwa okuphilayo okwenziwa ngokwesimo sesiguli kanye nokutholakala kwabanikeli. Ezigulini ezifanelekile ngaphansi kwe-NHS, ukufakelwa kwesibindi kuvame ukunikezwa mahhala. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwangasese kweziguli zamazwe ngamazwe kungaba phezulu kakhulu futhi kungahluka kuye ngesibhedlela kanye nobunzima benqubo. Iziguli kufanele ziqinisekise njalo izindleko eziphelele ngqo nesikhungo sokwelapha.
Isixwayiso: Izinqubo zokufakelwa isibindi, ukufaneleka, izindleko, kanye nokululama e-UK kungahluka kuye ngesibhedlela, isimo sesiguli, kanye nezidingo zezokwelapha. Xhumana nochwepheshe wokufakelwa isibindi ofanelekayo ukuze uthole iseluleko sezokwelapha esiqondene nawe.
