He wāhanga tino nui te ate o te tinana, ā, ka āwhina i te hauora o te tinana. E ai ki te Manatū Hauora me te Oranga Whānau o Īnia me ngā National Institutes of Health (NIH), e kī ana ēnei whakahaere ko te ate te okana nui rawa atu o roto i te tinana tangata. Ehara i te mea he tikanga hauora anake te whakawhitinga ate, engari he tikanga whakaora ora. Ka puta tēnei ina mutu te mahi tika a te ate. Mena ka piki ake ngā āhuatanga o te ate nā te momona, te inu waipiro, ngā mate urutā me ngā mate ira, kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā whakawhitinga ate.
E mōhiotia ana te UK mō āna tikanga hauora matatau, ngā taote pokanga mātau, te tiaki i muri i te pokanga, ngā reiti angitu teitei i roto i ngā whakawhitinga okana me te maha atu o ngā mea e āwhina ana i te angitu o ngā whakawhitinga ate. Mena kei te rapu koe i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā whakawhitinga ate i te UK, mā tēnei aratohu koe e āwhina ki te mārama ki ngā mea katoa. Pērā i te tikanga whakawhitinga, ngā utu, ngā reiti angitu me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā whakapaunga maimoatanga whānui.
He aha te Whakawhiti ate?
Ko te whakawhitinga ate he pokanga e whakakapia ai te ate kua pakaru, kua mate, kua ngoikore rānei ki tētahi ate hauora. Ka tukuna mai e tētahi kaituku ora me tētahi kaituku kua mate. He mea nui te ate, ā, he mahi nui tāna e kore e taea e tētahi atu mīhini te mahi; ki te mutu te mahi a te ate. Ka āwhina ia ki te wawahi i te kai, ki te horoi i te toto, me te āwhina ki te nakunaku i te kai. Nō reira, i te mutunga, ko te tiki ate hou mai i tētahi kaituku te huarahi anake hei whakaora i te hunga e mate ana i te ate. Ka whakaarohia tēnei maimoatanga ina kore e pai te mahi a te rongoā.
Ka āta tirohia e te tākuta te mate ate, te hauora whānui o te tūroro me ngā painga o te whakawhitinga ate. Mena kei te pāngia ngā tūroro e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te cirrhosis, te ngoikore o te ate, te mate pukupuku ate rānei, ka taea e te whakawhitinga ate te whakapai ake i te oranga o ngā tūroro. Ka hiahiatia te whakawhitinga ate ina kore e taea e te ate te mahi i ana mahi matua me ana mahi nui. Pērā i te nakunaku, te tautoko i te pākia o te tinana, me te penapena i ngā matūkai me ngā huaora.
Ko wai e hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti ate?
He mea noa ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te ate i ēnei rā, engari kāore e taea e te katoa te whiwhi i te whakawhitinga ate. Ko ngā tūroro anake e pāngia ana e te mate ate wāhanga whakamutunga ka tūtohu kia whakawhitia te ate. Waihoki, ki te kore e mahi te ate o te tūroro, ā, kāore e angitu ētahi atu maimoatanga hauora. I mua i te whakawhitinga, ka tirohia e te tākuta ngā mea katoa kia tino mōhio ai ko te whakawhitinga anake te huarahi. Mena kei te pāngia koe e tētahi o ēnei āhuatanga, me toro atu koe ki tō tākuta mō ētahi atu tohutohu.
Ma'i ate momona
Ko te mate ate momona kore-waipiro (NAFLD) me te mate ate waipiro kei te noho hei tino take o te ngoikore o te ate puta noa i te ao. Ka puta tēnei ina nui rawa te ngako e kohia ana i roto i te ate. Kāore e whakaatu i ngā tohu i a ia e tipu ana, engari ki te kore e rongoatia, ka taea te kino tuturu. He maha ngā tohu o te ate momona pēnei i te kore hiahia kai, te ngenge, te whakapairuaki, te toto me te maha atu.
Ko te mate pukupuku
Ko ngā tūroro e pāngia ana e te mate pukupuku ate i te wā tōmua, e mōhiotia ana ko te mate pukupuku hepatocellular, ka whai hua pea i te whakawhitinga pūtau mēnā kāore e whai hua ētahi atu maimoatanga. Ka taea te rongoā mēnā ka kitea wawe te pukupuku, ā, ka tutuki i ētahi paearu. Ka taea te puta tika i roto i ngā pūtau o te ate, ka horapa rānei mai i tētahi atu okana. Ko ētahi o ngā tohu noa o tēnei ko te ngaronga o te hiahia kai, te whakaheke taumaha, te mamae i te puku matau o runga me te kiri kōwhai.
Te Rahunga o te ate tino
He tino onge te ngoikore o te ate whakapeka engari he mate morearea, e tere ai te ngaro o te kaha o te ate ki te mahi, i ētahi wā i roto i te tangata kāore i mua he hītori o ngā mate ate. I roto i ēnei take, ko te whakawhitinga tere pea te maimoatanga whai hua anake. Ko ngā take ko te mate hepatitis viral, te nui rawa o ngā rongoā pēnei i te paracetamol, he acetaminophen, te whara ate i puta mai i te rongoā, me ētahi mate pūnaha ārai mate. Ko ngā tohu whakatūpato me aro tonu ki te hauora, tae atu ki te jaundice, te pupuhi o te puku o runga, te pōhēhē, me te ngenge nui.
Ngā Mate Pūmua me ngā Mate Ira
Ka pāngia te kaha o te ate e ngā āhuatanga pākia ki te tukatuka pērā i te korenga o te alpha 1 antitrypsin. Ka arahi tēnei ki te ngoikore o te ate, ā, me whakawhitinga. He āhuatanga tuku iho ēnei ka arahi pea ki te ngoikore o te ate. Ka puta ēnei i ngā whakarerekētanga ira, ka pā ki te mahi noa o te ate. Ko ētahi o ōna momo ko te hemochromatosis, te mate Wilson me te cystic fibrosis.
Ngā Momo Pokanga Whakatō Ate
E whā ngā momo pokanga whakawhiti ate e tukuna ana ki ngā tūroro. Mō te pokanga whakawhiti ate, ka tūtohu te tākuta i ētahi mea nui hei whai mā ngā kaiwhiwhi. Pērā i ngā pokanga whakawhiti ate, me ōrite te ate ki te momo toto, te momo kiko me te rahi o te kaiwhiwhi. Ina waea atu te pokapū whakawhiti ki ngā tūroro, ka tohutohuhia rātou kia kaua e tango i tetahi mea mā te waha, ahakoa he karāhe wai. Whai muri i tēnā, kua rite rātou ki te mahi i te pokanga i te wā e taea ai. Ināianei ka mōhio tātou ki ngā momo pokanga whakawhiti ate.
Te Whakawhitinga Ate Kaituku Kua Mate
Ko tētahi atu ingoa o te kaituku mate ko te whakawhitinga orthotopic, ā, koinei te whakawhitinga tino noa. I roto i tēnei, ka pupuri ētahi tāngata i ō rātou ingoa ki te rārangi tatari mō tētahi kaituku. Ā, ina wātea mai tētahi kaituku, ka whakapā atu ki te tūroro e whai ake nei i te rārangi tatari. Nō te kaituku te ate e takatu ana ki te tuku i tōna okana i mua i tōna matenga. Engari kaua taua tangata e pāngia e tētahi mate, e mate pukupuku rānei ka taea te whakawhiti ki ngā tūroro e whiwhi ana i te okana.
I te wā o te pokanga, ka tangohia katoatia te ate o te tangata i whiwhi, ka whakakapia ki te ate hauora, katoa mai i te kaituku kua mate. Mō te pokanga, ka tapahia e te taote pokanga he wahi iti ki te puku o runga, ā, ka tangohia marietia te ate mate, kua pakaru rānei. Kātahi ka whakanohoia e te taote pokanga te ate kaituku ki tōna tūranga, ā, ka honoa ngā oko toto me ngā awa waikura katoa. Hei whakamutunga, ka katihia te wahi tapahi ki ngā tuitui kua rewa, ki ngā tīpene pokanga rānei. Whai muri i te pokanga, ka tāpirihia te ngongo waikeri hei tango i ngā wai tāpiri mō ētahi rā. Hei whakamutunga, ka neke te tūroro ki te ICU kia aroturukitia kia kite i tōna wā whakaora i te hōhipera.
He tini ngā tūroro e hiahia ana kia noho ki te hōhipera mō ētahi wiki i muri i te pokanga kia ora pai ai. Ka tohua e ngā tākuta ngā rongoā ārai mate hei ārai i te ate hou kia kore ai e paopao. Engari i mua i te tango i ēnei rongoā me kōrero koe ki tō tākuta. Me tiaki tika koe i a koe anō kia roa ake ai tō oranga, kia ora hauora ai hoki. Ko te Ratonga Whakaora Okana ā-Motu e mahi ana i raro i te NHS Blood and Transplant, ka tiaki tika i ngā whakawhiti okana katoa kua mate i te UK.
Te Whakawhiti Ate Toha Ora
Ko te tangata e whakaae ana ki te tuku i te okana ka hoatu te whakawhitinga okana ora. Ka hoatu e te whanaunga tata, e te hoa rānei. I te tuatahi, ka whakahaerehia te pokanga ki te kaituku, arā, ka tangohia e te taote pokanga te taha maui, te taha matau rānei o te ate. E taunakihia ana te whakawhitinga okana matau mō ngā pakeke, ā, mō ngā tamariki ngā okana maui, nō reira ka tangohia i runga i te tangata whiwhi. Ka puta tēnei nā te rerekētanga o te rahi; he nui ake te okana matau, ā, he pai mō ngā pakeke. Ko te okana maui ia he iti ake, ā, he pai mō ngā tamariki.
Whai muri i tēnā ka tangohia te ate mate mai i te kaiwhiwhi. Ā, ka whakanohoia te wāhanga o te ate i tangohia mai i te kaituku, ka honoa ki ngā oko toto me ngā awa waikura. Whai muri i te whakawhitinga, ka whakaora anō te pūmua i a ia anō. Ka tangohia he wāhanga iti o te ate mai i te kaituku, ā, i muri i tēnā ka tupu anō te ate. Ā, ka tupu anō te pūmua hou o te kaiwhiwhi ki te 85% o te rahi o te ate taketake, ā, ka roa pea he wiki, he marama rānei.
He maha ngā painga o te whakawhitinga ate o te kaituku ora, pērā i te whakaiti i te wā tatari. Kāore e hiahiatia ana kia whakawhirinaki ngā tūroro ki te okana kua mate. He kōwhiringa pai ake tēnei mō ngā tūroro e pāngia ana e te āhuatanga kino, ā, kāore e taea te ora tonu. E ai ki ngā rangahau, he pai ake, he pai ake hoki ngā hua mō ngā kaiwhiwhi ora i ngā whakawhitinga o te kaituku kua mate. Me wehe ngā pokanga mō te kaituku me te kaiwhiwhi, ā, ka whai te tākuta i ngā ture me ngā whakamātautau pakari kia noho haumaru, kia ora hoki te kaituku puta noa i te tukanga. Me noho te tau o te kaituku i waenga i te 18 me te 55 tau te pakeke, kāore he mate ate. Me ōrite te momo toto ki te kaiwhiwhi.
Wehenga ate Whakawhiti
Ko tēnei ko te whakawhitinga ate mai i tētahi tangata i mate tata nei. Ka taea te hoatu te ate ki ngā tūroro rerekē e rua, ā, ka taea anake mēnā he pakeke tētahi, he tamaiti tētahi. Ko te ate e koha ana, e wehea ana kia rua ngā wāhanga: ko tētahi ko te taha matau, ko te mea nui, mā te pakeke e tiki. Ko tētahi ko te taha maui, ko te mea iti, mā te tamaiti e tiki. Pērā i te whakawhitinga ate a te kaituku ora, ka taea e te wāhanga o te ate te tipu anō, ā, ka noho rite te rahi.
E rua ngā painga o tēnei tikanga, arā, kua piki ake te maha o ngā tikanga whakawhitinga, ā, kua angitu te maha o ngā okana i tukuna mai. Engari, he wero anō kei mua i a koe, arā, he tino uaua, he uaua hoki te mahi a te pokanga. Ā, ka pāngia pea ngā kaiwhiwhi e ngā mōrearea me ngā raruraru ki te whakataurite ki ngā whakawhitinga ate katoa. Engari, i te mutunga, he pai te painga o tēnei tikanga, arā, ka taea te whakarato i te ate ki ngā tūroro e rua i te wā kotahi. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā okana hei whakawhitinga.
Te Whakatō Ate Āwhina
He tikanga tino onge, he tikanga motuhake hoki te whakawhitinga ate āwhina, e kore ai e tangohia katoatia te ate o te tūroro. Engari, ka tāpirihia he wāhanga o te ate o te kaituku ki te taha o te okana taketake hei tautoko i te wā poto, e hoatu ana ki te ate o te tūroro he wā ki te ora me te mahi anō i ana mahi.
He tino whai hua tēnei huarahi i ngā wā ka taea te whakaora i te ngoikore o te ate, i ngā wā rānei ka whai hua te mate taketake i tētahi rā mai i ngā maimoatanga hou pēnei i te rongoā ira. Heoi, kāore i te tika mō ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mate a Wilson, te oxalosis tuatahi, te tyrosinaemia rānei, nā te mea ka haere tonu te ate taketake ki te whakararu, ki te whakawhanake rānei i te mate pukupuku. I roto i te wā, ki te ora te ate o te tūroro, ka memeha haere pea te tākai tuku.
E hia te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i te UK?
Ko te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i te UK e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mea maha, pērā i te momo kaituku whakawhitinga ate, te noho hōhipera, te wāhi me ngā uauatanga o te pokanga. Ko te utu katoa e ai ki te USD, tata ki te 80,000 ki te 150,000. Ā, e ai ki te GBP tata ki te 65,000 ki te 120,000.
Te Wehenga Utu mō te Utu Whakatō Ate i te United Kingdom
Anei te wehewehenga o te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i te UK:
| Wāhanga Whakatō | Te utu tata i roto i te USD | Te utu tata ki te GBP |
| Aromatawai Tuhinga o mua | 10,000 ki 14,000 | 8,000 ki 10,000 |
| Te Whakataetae Okana | 22,000 ki 27,000 | 16,000 ki 20,000 |
| Te Pokanga Whakatō me te ICU | 45,000 ki 66,000 | 32,000 ki 50,000 |
| Rūma Hōhipera me te Nēhi | 16,000 ki 26,000 | 12,000 ki 20,000 |
| Rongoā i muri i te Whakatōnga | 10,000 ki 15,000 | 4,000 ki 10,000 |
| Te Whai Aroturuki me te Tātaritanga | 2,000 ki 6,000 | 1,000 ki 4,000 |
Kia mōhio: He whakatau tata noa iho te utu kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, ā, ka rerekē pea i runga i te hōhipera me te āhua o te tūroro. Ka taea e ngā kainoho o te UK e tika ana mō te maimoatanga NHS te whiwhi whakawhitinga ate kore utu mā te Ratonga Hauora ā-Motu.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Utu o te Whakatō Ate i te UK
Ko te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i te UK e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i:
- Momo Kaituku: E rua ngā momo kaituku: ko ngā kaituku kua mate me ngā kaituku ora. Ko te utu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tiki, te rokiroki, me te kawe i te ate ki te hōhipera. I roto i te whakawhitinga kaituku ora, ka tukuna e te tangata hauora tetahi wāhanga o tōna ate, ā, he nui ake te utu nā te mea me mahi te pokanga me te tiaki hōhipera i te kaituku me te tūroro.
- Hospital: Ko te nuinga o te iwi o te UK e noho ana i te hōhipera mō te 6 ki te 15 ngā rā i muri i te whakawhitinga ate. Mena he raruraru kei te tūroro i muri i te pokanga, me noho roa pea rātou ki te ICU. He maha ngā ratonga kei ngā hōhipera, ā, ka piki ake pea te utu, ā, kei te wāhi kei reira te hōhipera.
- Te Hauora Whānui o te Tūroro: Mena kāore i te pai te hauora o te tūroro i mua i te whakawhitinga pūtau, me tiaki nui rātou, ā, me noho ki te ICU i mua i te pokanga. Mena kei te pāngia te tūroro e te mate ate pērā i te hepatitis, te mate pukupuku ate, te mate ate rānei e pā ana ki te ngako, tera pea me rerekē ngā maimoatanga me ngā rongoā. Ko te Tauira mō te Kaute Mate Ate Wāhanga Mutunga e whakaatu ana i te kino o te mate ate.
- Ngā Rongoā me te Whakatō Ate Tuarua: I muri i te pokanga, ka tango rongoā ngā tūroro mō te toenga o ō rātou oranga kia kore ai e whakakahoretia te ate hou e ō rātou tinana. Nō reira, ka pā te momo rongoā me te nui ki te utu mō te wā roa. Ahakoa he aha te take, i ētahi wā ka mutu te mahi tika o te ate hou, ka hoki mai anō rānei te mate. Nō reira, i taua wā, me whai anō he whakawhitinga ate, ā, ka piki ake te utu maimoatanga katoa.
Te Whakataurite i ngā Utu mō te Whakatō Ate i Ētahi Atu Whenua
Anei ētahi o ngā whenua pai rawa atu mō te whakawhitinga ate, e ai ki te whakatairite utu:
- Inia: Ko te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i Inia e tata ana ki te INR 18 lakh ki te 45 lakh. E ai ki te USD, e tata ana ki te 22,000 ki te 45,000.
- Awherika ki te Tonga: te te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i Awherika ki te Tonga e tata ana ki te ZAR 250,000 ki te 500,000. Ā, e ai ki te USD e tata ana ki te 10,000 ki te 30,000.
- Ghana: te te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i Ghana e tata ana ki te GHS 500,000 ki te 650,000. Ā, e ai ki te USD e tata ana ki te 30,000 ki te 65,000.
- Nigeria: Tuhinga o mua te whakawhitinga ate i Nigeria E tata ana ki te NGN 50,000,000 ki te 80,000,000. Ā, e ai ki te USD e tata ana ki te 35,000 ki te 65,000.
- Etiopia: Ko te utu mō te whakawhitinga ate i Etiopia e tata ana ki te 4,000,000 ki te 7,000,000 ETB. Ā, e ai ki te USD e tata ana ki te 35,000 ki te 50,000.
Kia mōhio: He whakaaro noa iho ēnei utu. Nō reira, me pātai atu koe ki tō taote pokanga ate, ki tō tākuta rānei, mō ngā whakapaunga katoa.
Te Reiti Angitu o te Whakatō Ate i te UK
He teitei ake te ōrau ora, te ōrau angitu rānei o te whakawhitinga ate i te UK. E ai ki te pūrongo raraunga mana a te NHS, e 90% o ngā tūroro pakeke ka ora mō te tau kotahi i muri i te pokanga. Kātahi, i muri i te 5 tau o te whakawhitinga, ko te ōrau angitu o te whakawhitinga ate i te UK he 80%. Hei whakamutunga, i muri i te 10 tau o te whakawhitinga, he 60 ki te 70% te ōrau angitu o te whakawhitinga. He teitei te ōrau angitu o te whakawhitinga ate i te UK nā te mea he hangarau matatau tōna.
Whakamutunga
Hei whakamutunga, he maimoatanga whakaora ora te whakawhitinga ate mō ia tūroro he mate ate kino ina kore e whai hua ngā huarahi hauora kē atu. E mōhiotia ana te UK mō tana pūnaha hauora hou, ngā taote pokanga mātau, me te tukanga whakawhitinga okana whakahaere. He momo pokanga whakawhitinga ora rerekē e mahia ana i runga i te āhua o te tūroro me te wātea o te kaituku. Mō ngā tūroro e tika ana i raro i te NHS, he kore utu te nuinga o te wā ka tukuna ngā whakawhitinga ate. Nō reira, ka tino teitei te maimoatanga tūmataiti mō ngā tūroro o tāwāhi, ā, ka rerekē pea i runga i te hōhipera me te uaua o te tukanga. Me whakaū tonu ngā tūroro i te utu katoa ki te pokapū maimoatanga.
Whakakape: Tērā pea ka rerekē ngā tikanga whakawhitinga ate, ngā whakaritenga, ngā utu, me te whakaora i te UK i runga i te hōhipera, te āhua o te tūroro, me ngā whakaritenga hauora. Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki tētahi tohunga whakawhitinga ate whai tohu mō ngā tohutohu hauora whaiaro.
