Umdlavuza wendunu uvela engxenyeni yokuqala yomgudu wokugaya ukudla, obizwa ngokuthi indunu, lapho kuphuma khona indle. Akuyona uhlobo oluvamile lomdlavuza, futhi lukhula odongeni lomsele wendunu. Uhlobene kakhulu nokutheleleka kwe-HPV nezinye izici. Ubunzima bawo buxhomeke endaweni, ubukhulu, kanye nesigaba sawo. Kutholakale ukuthi lolu hlobo olungavamile lomdlavuza luthinta umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-500, futhi bafuna ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu. Ngemva kokuthola umdlavuza wendunu kanye nesigaba sawo kubalulekile ukukhetha izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza wendunu ezifanele nezisebenzayo.

Izigaba Zomdlavuza Wamasende

Kunezigaba ezahlukene zalo mdlavuza, ezibalwe ngezansi:

Isiteji 0: Kuyisigaba se-precancerous esibonisa ukuba khona kwamaseli angavamile. Lawa maseli awasabalele kwezinye izicubu, kodwa angase abe umdlavuza esikhathini esizayo.
Isiteji 1: Lezi zinhlobo zincane kakhulu futhi zihlala endaweni ethile lapho ziqala khona.
Isigaba 2 & Isigaba 3: Ngalesi sigaba, umdlavuza uqala ukusabalala ezicutshini eziseduze.
Isiteji 4: Kuyisigaba se-metastatic lapho sisakazeka ezindaweni eziningi zomzimba. Angelapheka kalula.

Izimpawu Zomdlavuza Wamandunu

Imvamisa ayinazo izimpawu, futhi uma inazo lezi zingahluka kumuntu nomuntu:

Ukukhipha indunu
Ubuhlungu eduze kwe-anus
Ukopha kakhulu komgudu
Ama-lymph nodes endaweni ye-anal avuvukala
Ushintsho kumkhuba wamathumbu, njengokuvama nokuvumelana kwendle.
Iqhubu lesisindo livela ekuvuleni kwendawo ye-anal.
Ukuzizwa kudinga ukugeleza kaningi.

Izimbangela Zomdlavuza Wama-Anal

Isizathu esiqondile sokubangela umdlavuza wezindundu asikaziwa okwamanje. Nokho, kunezici ezithile eziyingozi ezingase ziholele kulolu hlobo lwenkinga yezokwelapha. Lezi zimi kanje:

Ukutheleleka okubangelwa igciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-human papillomavirus ngokuzibandakanya ocansini nabalingani abaningi.
Abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60
Isisindo somzimba esiqinile
Zibandakanye ocansini lwangemuva
Umuntu obhema ngokweqile angase abe nohlobo olunjalo lomdlavuza.
Yiba nokunye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, like umdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesifazane futhi umdlavuza wesibeletho.

Ukuxilongwa Komdlavuza Wokuthomba

Ngemva kokubona izimpawu zayo, udokotela wakho uzoqhuba ezinye izivivinyo zokuxilonga umdlavuza wezindundu. Kukhona ukuhlolwa kwe-endoscopic okwenziwa futhi kunikezwe ngezansi:

I-Proctoscopy: Ithuluzi elincanyana elinokukhanya namalensi lisetshenziselwa ukubona ididi nerectum. Bese kusetshenziswa i-proctoscope, izicubu ziyasuswa njengesampula ukuhlola uphawu lomdlavuza.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Digital Rectal: Kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-rectum ne-anus. Wenziwa udokotela ngokugcoba i-lubricant emunweni. Bese ifakwa ukuzwa noma yiziphi izigaxa.
Isidumbu: Ukuhlola uphawu lomdlavuza, kukhishwa isicucu esincane. Bese ihlolwa udokotela wezifo ukuze abone noma yiluphi uphawu lomdlavuza.
I-Anoscopy: Ukubona noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle ku-anus, kufakwa ishubhu elifushane ukuze lihlolwe.
I-Endorectal Ultrasound: I-probe ifakwa ngaphakathi kwe-anus ukuze ubone isithombe sesitho ngokusebenzisa i-ultrasound.

Uma kutholakala umdlavuza wendunu, kuba khona okunye ukuhlola ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiziphi izitho zomzimba ezibhebhetheka.

I-X-ray yesifuba
Ukuskena i-CAT
Ukuhlolwa kwe-pelvic
I-MRI
Iskena se-PET

Konke lokhu kuhlola kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe isigaba sesifo. Uma isakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, bese ibizwa ngokuthi i-staging.

Izinketho Zokwelashwa Komdlavuza Wamandunu

Ithuba lokululama nokwelashwa lincike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene:

Isigaba somdlavuza
Indawo yesimila ku-anus
Usulelekile nge-HIV
Phinda ngemva kokwelashwa kokuqala

Izinhlobo Zokwelashwa

Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelapha umdlavuza wezindundu, futhi lezi zibalulwe ngezansi:

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kusetshenziselwa ukubulala nokuvimba ukukhula kwamangqamuzana anomdlavuza. Imithi yamakhemikhali ithathwa ngomlomo noma ingase ithathwe ngomjovo. Ngakho-ke umuthi ungafinyelela amangqamuzana anomdlavuza ngegazi.

immunotherapy

Amasosha omzimba aqinile abalulekile ukuze alwe nomdlavuza wendunu. Udokotela uzokweluleka ngemithi ye-immunotherapy. Bese kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwe-biomarker ukubikezela impendulo yale mithi.

I-Radiation Therapy

Imisebe enamandla amakhulu isetshenziswa ukucekela phansi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuwavimba ukuthi angakhuli. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebe zisetshenziselwa ukukhomba indawo yomzimba.

Ukuhlinzwa

Uma izindlela zokwelapha ezibalulwe ngenhla zingasebenzi ekwelapheni umdlavuza futhi uyabuya bese kuphakanyiswa ukuhlinzwa. Kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:

Uma umdlavuza ungandanga futhi umncane isimila siyakhishwa kanye nezicubu ezinempilo endunu. Kwenziwa ngenqubo yokukhishwa kabusha kwendawo.
Kunenye inqubo yokuhlinzwa lapho kwenziwa khona ukusika okuncane esiswini. Khona-ke i-rectum, i-anus kanye ne-sigmoid colon iyasikwa futhi ngemva kwenqubo, ukuvulwa kwamathumbu kuyathungwa. Udoti womzimba uqoqwa esikhwameni esilahlwayo.